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The extant literature has explored the linkages between the onshore (CNY) and offshore (CNH) Renminbi (RMB) markets, as well as the potential factors affecting their dynamic inter-relationship. However, these efforts were made on a stand-alone basis in terms of dimensions and perspectives. This paper hence adopts the wavelet methodology to comprehensively examine the CNY-CNH interactions over 2010–2022. We find information spillovers across the two RMB markets to be bi-directional and asymmetric, with the exact pattern depending upon the particular sample period and the focal data frequency. Moreover, major macroeconomic events such as China's exchange rate reform, US-China trade tensions, COVID-19 pandemic, and more recent global uncertainty can exert distinct impacts on the flow pattern of information. We further show that the CNY-CNH exchange rate difference alone serves as a key indicator for the complex relationship between the two markets. As expected, the CNH market is more sensitive to exchange rate difference fluctuations, indicating a powerful market mechanism in the offshore RMB market, or equivalently, a substantial policy impact of the counter-cyclical adjustment by China's central bank in stabilizing the RMB rate. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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Violent respiratory events such as coughing and sneezing can contribute to the transmission of infectious diseases from host to host. The dynamics of droplet transfer between individuals and the range of contamination are extremely complex and remain unclear [3]. Studying the fluid dynamics of pathogen-laden droplets is critically important to controlling the covid19 pandemic. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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Social distance monitoring is of great significance for public health in the era of COVID-19 pandemic. However, existing monitoring methods cannot effectively detect social distance in terms of efficiency, accuracy, and robustness. In this paper, we proposed a social distance monitoring method based on an improved YOLOv4 algorithm. Specifically, our method constructs and pre-processes a dataset. Afterwards, our method screens the valid samples and improves the K-means clustering algorithm based on the IoU distance. Then, our method detects the target pedestrians using a trained improved YOLOv4 algorithm and gets the pedestrian target detection frame location information. Finally, our method defines the observation depth parameters, generates the 3D feature space, and clusters the offending aggregation groups based on the L2 parametric distance to finally realize the pedestrian social distance monitoring of 2D video. Experiments show that the proposed social distance monitoring method based on improved YOLOv4 can accurately detect pedestrian target locations in video images, where the pre-processing operation and improved K-means algorithm can improve the pedestrian target detection accuracy. Our method can cluster the offending groups without going through calibration mapping transformation to realize the pedestrian social distance monitoring of 2D videos. © 2023 World Scientific Publishing Company.
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Visiting greenspace plays an important role in maintaining public mental wellbeing. This study aims to explore what results from people's limited access to greenspace and the consequent effects on people's mental health. To achieve this goal, this study takes the district of Nanshan in Shenzhen, China as a case study to empirically examine whether residents are adequately exposed to greenspace. Findings revealed that there was an unbalanced spatial distribution of population and greenspace in Nanshan, which was one of the main factors deterring some residents from being served by greenspace. This study also found that the pandemic has caused a deterioration of mental health. Consequently, three nature-based approaches to reducing public psychological diseases under the condition of inadequate access to greenspace were proposed. These findings can provide policymakers with significant insights for local greenspace design and planning in Nanshan. It also offers some effective suggestions to handle public mental issues due to limited access to greenspace. © 2022 by MIP.
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Cancer has become one of the major causes of death in the growing world population, affecting people irrespective of their age, sex and culture. Cancer diagnosis and therapy is a distressing procedure and affects the physical, emotional and mental well-being of the patient. Many studies have reported that cancer has a long-term impact on patient's lives leading to mood dysfunction, heart problems and chemotherapy toxicity. Modern-day healthcare systems are moving towards a patient-oriented approach and are designed around the patient's well-being, needs and preferences. Oncology nurses form the fundamental part of this system and provide the patient with the much-needed care, support and hope for life. Oncology nursing has developed and evolved briefly in the recent few decades due to the advancement in treatment procedures. As cancer care continues to progress, nurses play a vital role in the field of oncology. Specialized oncology nurses are providing clinical care, or as nurse researchers leading revolutionary oncology research. The future of oncology nursing is optimistic. Nursing care for cancer patients not only requires guidance through medication and treatment, but also offers encouragement and motivation to the patients. The present review provides an insight into the nursing care of cancer patients, its brief history, advancements and the current practices of oncology nursing. Future prospects of oncology nursing have also been discussed in detail.Copyright © 2022, Kuwait Medical Association. All rights reserved.
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The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) is constantly exposed to harsh condition on the ISS. As such, there is a need to constantly monitor and perform adjustments to ensure the AMS operates safely and efficiently. With the addition of the Upgraded Tracker Thermal Pump System, the legacy monitoring interface was no longer suitable for use. This paper describes the new AMS Monitoring Interface (AMI). The AMI is built with state-of-the-art time series database and analytics software. It uses a custom feeder program to process AMS Raw Data as time series data points, feeds them into InfluxDB databases, and uses Grafana as a visualization tool. It follows modern design principles, allowing client CPUs to handle the processing work, distributed creation of AMI dashboards, and up-to-date security protocols. In addition, it offers a more simple way of modifying the AMI and allows the use of APIs to automate backup and synchronization. The new AMI has been in use since January 2020 and was a crucial component in remote shift taking during the COVID-19 pandemic. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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The analysis of the daily spatial patterns of near-surface Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations can assist decision makers mitigate this common air pollutant in urban areas. However, comparative analysis of NO2 estimates in different urban agglomerations of China is limited. In this study, a new linear mixed effect model (LME) with multi-source spatiotemporal data is proposed to estimate daily NO2 concentrations at high accuracy based on the land-use regression (LUR) model and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) products. In addition, three models for NO2 concentration estimation were evaluated and compared in four Chinese urban agglomerations from 2018 to 2020, including the COVID-19 closed management period. Each model included a unique combination of methods and satellite NO2 products: ModelⅠ: LUR model with OMI products;Model Ⅱ: LUR model with TropOMI products;Model Ⅱ: LME model with TropOMI products. The results show that the LME model outperformed the LUR model in all four urban agglomerations as the average RMSE decreased by 16.09% due to the consideration of atmospheric dispersion random effects, and using TropOMI instead of OMI products can improve the accuracy. Based on our NO2 estimations, pollution hotspots were identified, and pollution anomalies during the COVID-19 period were explored for two periods;the lockdown and revenge pollution periods. The largest NO2 pollution difference between the hotspot and non-hotspot areas occurred in the second period, especially in the heavy industrial urban agglomerations. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
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Objective: To explore the potential components and mechanism of Yinlian jiedu decoction in the treatment of COVID-19. Method(s): The blood components in the formula of Yinlian jiedu decoction or compounds conforming to drug-like parameters were selected as the research objects.The components that meet the requirements in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Forsythiae Fructus, Bupleuri Radix, Scutellariae Radix, aboveground part of Agastache rugosa, Saposhnikoviae Radix, Menthae Haplocalycis Herba, Bombyx Batryticatus, Belamcandae Rhizoma, Platycodonis Radix, Aurantii Fructus, Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus, Phragmitis Rhizoma, fried Stemonae Radix, Eriobotryae Folium, Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium, Astragali Radix, Codonopsis Radix, fried Atrictylodis Macrocephalac Rhizoma, Coicis Semen, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Chuanxiong Rhizama, Chebulae Fructus, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were searched and predicted through multiple network pharmacological data platforms.The Perl command was used to batch retrieve the upstream gene name of the prediction target in the UniProt database.The target genes were brought into the ClueGO software for GO function enrichment analysis, to explore the core metabolic pathways and signal pathways and clarify the mechanism of the treatment of COVID-19 with Yinlian jiedu decoction. Result(s): The compounds-targets network consisted of 309 compounds and 1 016 corresponding targets.The key targets involved MMP1, FASN, MPO, MMP3, NQO1, MMP12, ALOX5, PTGS2, GCLM, MMP2, EGFR, GSTP1, MET, ACEII, etc.There were 238 GO items in GO functional enrichment analysis(P<0.05), including 202 biological processes(BP), 9 cellular components(CC)and 27 molecular functions(MF).The results of molecular docking showed that puerarin had the best affinity with COVID-19. Conclusion(s): Puerarin in Yinlian jiedu decoction has a direct effect on ACEII.At the same time, multiple components of Yinlian jiedu decoction play a regulatory role in multiple pathways related to respiratory diseases by acting on multiple related targets. Copyright © 2021, Central Station of Chinese Medicinal Materials Information, National Medical Products Administration. All right reserved.
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Objective: Hepatitis B virus core protein HBc was used as vector to construct virus-like particles expressing novel coronavirus spike protein receptor binding domain RBD, and their immunogenicity was identified, which provides a new idea for the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Methods: The amino acid coding sequence 78 and 81 of hepatitis B virus core protein HBc (1-183 aa) were inserted into novel coronavirus spike protein receptor binding domain RBD and ligated by flexible linker (G4S) 3. After sequence optimization, the fusion gene was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a (+) and transformed into expression strain Rosetta. After induced expression in self-inducing medium, the virus-like particles (VLPs) were purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. VLPs were detected and identified by SDS-PAGE, Western blot and transmission electron microscope. BALB/c mice were immunized subcutaneously with the prepared VLPs in equal proportion with adjuvant. The specific antibodies in the serum of the mice were analyzed by ELISA to verify the immune effect of HBc-RBD VLPs. Results: Escherichia coli can express partially soluble VLPs in self-inducing medium. VLPs could be observed by transmission electron microscope after purification by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Mice immunized with HBc-RBD VLPs produced specific antibodies against RBD antigen. Conclusion: VLPs displaying RBD antigen were successfully expressed in prokaryotic expression systems, and their immunogenicity was preliminarily verified by mouse experiment, which provides a new direction for the research and development of novel coronavirus vaccines. © 2022, China Biotechnology Press. All rights reserved.
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Objective To understand the contaminations of SARS-CoV-2 of imported frozen food and corresponding ke;environments in Nantong Farmers’ Wholesale Market. Methods The samples of imported frozen food, surface samples of key environmental objects and throat swabs, anal swabs and blood samples from employees were collected randomly, SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing as well as specific serum antibody IgM and IgG testing were implemented. Results A total of 1 685 sample: of imported frozen food in Nantong, 2 432 samples from key environment, and 1 539 samples of anal swabs and throat swabs fron key practitioners were collected, all samples were confirmed to be negative for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid testing. A total of 299 blood samples were collected from key employees, and virus specific serum antibodies IgM and IgG were negative. Conclusion The imported frozen food and key environment sold in the Nantong have not been contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 temporarily, and it remains being necessary to further implements surveillance and control of Corona Virus Disease 2019(COVID-19). © 2022, Editorial Department of Medical Pest Control. All rights reserved.
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The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a public health emergency of international concern. Exposure to droplets produced in the coughs and sneezes of infected individuals has been perceived as the dominant transmission mode for COVID-19. However, increasingly more evidence supports claims of COVID-19 having airborne transmission. An in-depth understanding of the transmission pathways and influencing factors of SARS-CoV-2 is of great significance for formulating more effective intervention strategies. A large number of epidemiological investigations into the influence of atmospheric environmental conditions on virus transmission have been conducted. In this paper, we review current understandings of the association between COVID-19 and atmospheric environmental conditions. We first summarize the epidemiological investigations on the impact of atmospheric environmental factors (including solar radiation, temperature and humidity, wind speed, particulate matters, and gaseous pollutants) on the spread of COVID-19, and 164 epidemiological investigations are included, in which air temperature and relative humidity received the greatest attention. However, the impact of these factors on the prevalence of COVID-19 remains largely uncertain. 56% and 41% of investigations of temperature and humidity, respectively, show that cold and dry weather promotes COVID-19 transmission, while some studies come to the opposite conclusion, and still others do not show a significant relationship between them. Investigations of solar radiation are limited, but have come to the consistent conclusion that weak solar radiation is linked to increased severity of COVID-19 infection. Investigation of the impact of air pollution mainly focuses on particulate matters, and more than 70% of investigations indicate that PM2.5 likely contributes to the spread of COVID-19. Similarly, 62%, 51%, and 31% of investigations of NOx, O3, and SO2, respectively, indicate that the exposure to severe pollution can aggravate COVID-19 transmission. Therefore, the available findings reveal the complexity of the impact of atmospheric environmental conditions on the spread of COVID-19. We further discuss their mechanisms from three perspectives: (1) Atmospheric environmental conditions influence the generation of virus-laden aerosols and the occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 in the atmosphere. Relative humidity can affect the evaporation process of water on virus-laden aerosol, and thus affect its atmospheric life and probability of being inhaled by human body. (2) Atmospheric environmental conditions directly affect the stability of infection activity of SARS-CoV-2. Generally, high temperature, medium relative humidity, and intense solar radiation promote the inactivation of SARS-CoV-2. (3) Atmospheric environmental conditions indirectly affect the infection ability of SARS-CoV-2 by changing the defense ability of host cells. Air pollutants, especially PM2.5, can affect human susceptibility to the virus by increasing the expression of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor (angiotensin converting enzyme 2) in host cells. Meanwhile, meteorological conditions and air pollution can lead to respiratory system and other diseases in the human body, thus reducing human immunity and increasing the risk of virus infection, as well as the numbers of severely infected and fatal cases. All three mechanisms may contribute to the prevalence of COVID-19, but the dominant mechanism remains unclear. Finally, future directions of in-depth studies regarding the association between the epidemic and atmospheric conditions are proposed. © 2022 Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Background: Medical workers have been increasingly involved in emergent public health events, which can lead to severe stress. However, no standardized, officially recognized, unified tool exists for mental distress measurement in medical workers who experienced the public health events. Purpose: In the present study, we propose the Global Health Events-Mental Stress Scale (GHE-MSS), as a revised version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revision (IES-R), for assessment of medical workers' acute mental stress responses within one month and their chronic mental stress responses within six months after major health events. Patients and methods: The IES-R was slightly modified, developed, and its reliability and validity were tested using the Delphi survey, primary survey with 115 participants, formal survey with 300 participants, and clinical evaluation with 566 participants. Results: Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a promising validity of the scale. The values of Cronbach's alpha coefficient, the Spearman-Brown coefficient, and the retested Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale applied for the clinical evaluation were 0.88, 0.87, and 0.98, respectively, which confirmed a good internal consistency and stability. The results of the goodness-of-fit test indicated a good adaptation of the model. A correlation analysis was conducted to assess the correlation between the GHE-MSS and the PCL-C, which had a correlation coefficient of 0.68 (P < 0.01). Conclusion: GHE-MSS can be applied with a promising reliability and validity for the assessment of the acute mental stress response of medical workers experiencing public health events. This method can also be used for the screening of mental stress-associated disorders.
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The world is still following an unsustainable development pathway, facing great challenges in global CO2 emissions reduction in the coming decades. In this study, we used Kaya identity model to project CO2 emissions. We considered three main scenarios (business-as-usual, BAU;post-Copenhagen-Paris, PCP;deglobalization (COVID-19), DGC), which explored different pathways for CO2 emissions of fuel combustion to 2050 from global to national level. The results show that industrialized countries have been the largest contributors to global CO2 emissions, but some emerging economies are now among the top emitters in absolute terms. For countries at all stages of development, it's going to be important to reduce the trajectory of global greenhouse gas emissions and boost resilience to mounting climate impacts. Among the global, regional, the United States and China CO2 emissions reduction scenarios, the PCP scenario is the best CO2 emissions reduction pathway, in this scenario global CO2 emissions will reach a peak by 2029 (31.813 Gt). Renewable energy leads the transition to a lower-carbon energy mix. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the largest-ever decline in global emissions. © 2022 The Authors
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Artemisinin, extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Artemisia annua Linn., has a powerful antimalarial effect. With further research, artemisinin and its derivatives have been found to have antiviral effects against a variety of viruses from different viral families, including Herpesviridae, Flaviridae, and Coronaviraceae, and can inhibit virus-induced inflammatory responses. The possible antiviral mechanisms include alkylation of DNA binding domain of NF-κB P65 subunit, inhibition of plasmidic nuclear transport of NF-κB p65, production of reactive oxygen species or activation of carbon center free radicals to regulate host Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway to inhibit viral replication. The inflammatory response was alleviated by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and ERK pathways induced by the virus. This paper reviews the possible antiviral mechanism of artemisinin and its derivatives to provide reference for artemisinin to fight new viruses and promote new use of old drugs. © 2022 by the authors.
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This research offers a timely examination of the functioning of China’s National Supervisory Commission (NSC) in Dr. Li Wenliang’s case. Based on the normative analysis and empirical study, this research identifies two flaws of the NSC preset by particular features of a Leninist state, which make it vulnerable to politicization in the initiation and the course of this investigation: (i) Overreliance on certain factional power distribution;(ii) Twofold identity as an anti-corruption agency and a party disciplinarian concurrently. By challenging both the institutionalization and deinstitutionalization arguments with a critical case, this research advances new theoretical knowledge on the self-defeating mechanisms compromising institutionalization in the Leninist regime and highlights the significance of differentiating subtypes of authoritarianism in the comparative study of institutionalization. © 2022 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
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Objective To systematically review the efficacy of treatments for β-coronaviruses. Methods PubMed, EMbase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI and WanFang Data databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized controlled trials (non-RCTs) of treatments for β-coronaviruses from inception to June 17th, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias of included studies. Meta-analysis was then performed using Stata 14.0 software. Results A total of 109 studies invoving 23 210 patients were included. The results of the systematic review showed that compared with standard of care, corticosteroids could reduce mortality and increase cure rate for COVID-19. However, chloroquine could decrease cure rate. In severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients, corticosteroids could decrease the cure rate. In Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) patients, ribavirin/interferon/both drugs showed higher mortality. Conclusions The currently limited evidence shows that corticosteroids may be effective to COVID-19 patients while having limited effects on SARS patients. Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine may have negative effects on COVID-19 patients. Ribavirin/interferon may be harmful to MERS patients. Due to limited quality and quantity of the included studies, more high quality studies are needed to verify the above conclusions.
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Objective: To explore the law of antibody changes in patients diagnosed with COVID‑19 after the onset of the disease. Methods: A total of 215 patients who were diagnosed with COVID‑19 by RT‑PCR in Wuchang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province were recruited as the research subjects. The rapid colloidal gold immunochromatography assay was performed on every newly diagnosed patient at the time points of (10±3) d, (100±3) d, (190±3) d, and (280±3) d after the onset of the disease. Results: In terms of antibody types, among the 215 patients,the positive rate of IgM antibodies was 36.7% at (10±3) d. The antibody levels were 22.5%, 5.0%, and 4.7% at (100±3) d, (190±3) d, and (280±3) d respectively. In general, the levels of IgG antibody were high. The positive rate of antibody within (10±3) days was 87.0%, and the rate decreased to 80.8% at (100±3) d, 49.7% and 46.5% at (190±3) d and (280±3) d, respectively. The number of IgM and IgG antibodies homo‑positive samples gradually decreased over time. At the meantime, the proportion of IgM+IgG antibodies both negative samples gradually increases. According to the clinical classification, in the early stage of the disease, the positive rate of IgM antibody was different in patients with different severity of clinical symptoms. The more severe the clinical symptoms, the higher the positive rate of IgM antibodies. Around 190 days after the onset of symptoms, the positive rate of IgG antibodies decreased more slowly in mild and common patients. At the 280‑day during follow‑up, IgM antibodies showed a higher positive rate in severe and critical patients. From the trend of antibody changes in the same patient within 10 months, among the 70 patients, only 55 cases (32.4%) showed continuous positive in IgG antibody, with 77 cases (45.3%) in the IgG antibody positive‑to‑negative group,and 21 cases (12.4%) in the IgG antibody positive‑to‑negative‑to‑positive group. Three cases (1.8%) showed IgG antibody negative converting to positive. However, there were 14 cases (8.2%) remaining with negative IgG antibody. For IgM antibodies, 97 cases (57.1%) were persistently negative, wth 5 cases (2.9%) in the negative‑to‑positive group, and 65 cases (38.2%) in the positive‑to‑negative group. IgM antibody continued to be positive within 10 months has not been observed yet, and there were 3 cases (1.8%) in the IgM antibody positive‑to‑negative‑to‑positive group. Conclusion: After the new coronavirus infection, the serological response is unstable. In the early stage of the disease, antibody detection has important auxiliary value for the diagnosis of the disease;but in the late stage, the diagnostic value is not great. The antibody response may be positively correlated with the severity of the disease. Nearly 50% of patients can remain positive for IgG antibodies within 10 months, which indicates that nearly half of patients recovering from COVID‑19 can obtain longer‑lasting immunity. However, IgG antibodies in some patients continue or eventually become negative. Whether such patients can get immunity remains to be observed and studied. © 2021, Editorial Board of Medical Journal of Wuhan University. All right reserved.
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3D Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have been widely adopted for airway segmentation. The performance of 3D CNNs is greatly influenced by the dataset while the public airway datasets are mainly clean CT scans with coarse annotation, thus difficult to be generalized to noisy CT scans (e.g. COVID-19 CT scans). In this work, we proposed a new dual-stream network to address the variability between the clean domain and noisy domain, which utilizes the clean CT scans and a small amount of labeled noisy CT scans for airway segmentation. We designed two different encoders to extract the transferable clean features and the unique noisy features separately, followed by two independent decoders. Further on, the transferable features are refined by the channel-wise feature recalibration and Signed Distance Map (SDM) regression. The feature recalibration module emphasizes critical features and the SDM pays more attention to the bronchi, which is beneficial to extracting the transferable topological features robust to the coarse labels. Extensive experimental results demonstrated the obvious improvement brought by our proposed method. Compared to other state-of-the-art transfer learning methods, our method accurately segmented more bronchi in the noisy CT scans. © 2021, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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From January 24, 2020 to May 18, 2020, Chaoshan took measures to limit the spread of COVID-19, such as restricting public gatherings, wearing masks, and suspending classes. We explored the effects of these measures on the pathogen spectrum of pediatric respiratory tract infections in Chaoshan. Pharyngeal swab samples were collected from 4075 children hospitalized for respiratory tract infection before (May-December 2019) and after (January-August 2020) the COVID-19 outbreak. We used liquid chip technology to analyze 14 respiratory pathogens. The data were used to explore between-group differences, age-related differences, and seasonal variations in respiratory pathogens. The number of cases in the outbreak group (1222) was 42.8% of that in the pre-outbreak group (2853). Virus-detection rates were similar in the outbreak (48.3%, 590/1222) and pre-outbreak groups (51.5%, 1468/2853;Χ2= 3.446, P = 0.065), while the bacteria-detection rate was significantly lower in the outbreak group (26.2%, 320/1222) than in the pre-outbreak group (44.1%, 1258/2853;Χ2= 115.621, P < 0.05). With increasing age, the proportions of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections decreased, while those of Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), and adenovirus (ADV) infections increased. Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP), CMV, and rhinovirus infections peaked in autumn and winter, while RSV infections peaked in summer and winter. We found that the proportion of virus-only detection decreased with age, while the proportion of bacteria-only detection increased with age (Table 2). Anti-COVID-19 measures significantly reduced the number of pediatric hospitalizations for respiratory tract infections, significantly altered the pathogen spectrum of such infections, and decreased the overall detection rates of 14 common respiratory pathogens. The proportion of bacterial, but not viral, infections decreased.